American Involvment in World War I Essay

This investigation assesses American involvement in World War I before military intervention, and how this led to military intervention. In order to assess these causes, one must examine America’s involvement in the war before combat, the events that launched America’s military intervention in the war, American sentiments about the war before military intervention, and Woodrow Wilson’s actions before the war. Two sources used in the essay, America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience by Robert H.  Ziegler and Woodrow Wilson’s speech to congress on April 2nd, 1917 are evaluated for their origins, values, purposes and limitations. The investigation does not asses the pre-war situations of any countries but the United States, and does not asses American military involvement during the First World War Summary Of Evidence Prior to 1917, America was already deeply involved in the First World War, though they did not have troops fighting in the trenches overseas. First, American involvement in the war was purely as a producer and creditor to the Allied Powers. The war, while catastrophic for the countries involved in its atrophied trench battles, provided America with an astronomical boost to its economy, from 2 billion dollars in exported materials in 1913 to nearly 6 billion dollars in exports in 1916. This economic boom was mainly brought on by Britain’s dependency on American foodstuffs and manufactured goods.. The economic ties between America and Britain tightened with public subscription loans. By 1917, Britain had borrowed 2. 7 billion dollars from American creditors. Historian Paul Koistinen wrote â€Å"Without American supplies, Britain could not continue the war; without American financing of almost 10$ million a day †¦ Britain would exhaust its reserves of gold and securities by March 1917. Its dependence was total. Cutting back procurement . . . would produce disaster in England† Originally, America did nothing but reap the reward of â€Å"neutrality†. When Americas turned their eyes to the stage of war in Europe, they were truly terrified. One Chicago newspaper joked â€Å"A hearty vote of thanks to Columbus for having discovered America†. This sentiment was echoed by many American citizens, who showed pride in President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to declare America a neutral state in the war. Americans thoughts on the war lied in their bloodlines, as a majority of Americans were descendants from either Allied or Central Powers nations. Most Americans, early in the war at least, didn’t understand the war or why it was being fought, and were glad that America wasn’t involved. However, these robust Anti-Involvement sentiments began to fade after May 7 1915, the day of the Lusitania crisis. German U-Boats torpedoed and sunk a passenger liner in British waters, killing nearly 1,200 civilians, including 128 American citizens. The murder of these innocents set off the first widespread pro war feelings in Americans. This outrage was justified, but was also heightened by yellow journalism that demonized Germans as barbarians and deranged killers. President Woodrow Wilson, taking note of this event and the outrage it caused, warned the Germans that any further violation of American rights would result in â€Å"Strict Accountability† for these actions. This, as well as the bloody war dragging on in Europe, brought up the question of military preparedness in the United States. By 1916, pro-preparedness sentiment was widespread, as 135,000 supporters of expanding the military marched on New York City’s 5th Avenue, for 12 hours. In Chicago, 130,000 telephone operators moved in the shape of an American flag, goose-stepping down State Street. In the election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson ran against Charles E. Hughes, who was backed by Theodore Roosevelt, former president and staunch Allied Powers supporter, as well as an advocate for military preparedness. Woodrow Wilson won the election by only about 600,000 popular votes. However, these sentiments were met with an equally strong anti-militarism force, saying that in a chaotic world, America must be a beacon and resist entrance into war, and resist building an enormous military. Strong anti-militaristic sentiments began to fade when British intelligence officers intercepted a telegram sent from Foreign Secretary of the German Empire Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador of Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. This infamous proposal, known as the Zimmermann note, proposed that Mexico wage war against the United States. Throughout America’s neutrality in World War 1, President Wilson had acted as a mediator, but with tension building to a terminal level and with the Zimmermann note, Wilson was forced to ask congress to bolster America’s military forces on April 2nd 1917. Later in the same year, America sent its first military forces oversees Evaluation Of Sources Robert H Zieger: America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience Origins- (2000) Zieger is a respected labor historian Purpose- Provides an in-depth look at American involvement in the war. Value- The economic statistics and quotations from various primary and secondary sources allow the reader to evaluate the validity of the claims Zieger makes. Limitations- does not provide any new opinions or claims Woodrow Wilson, April 2nd 1917 to congress to persuade congress to bring the United States Origin- German hostile actions towards the United States Purpose- Persuade congress to declare war on Germany and the Central Powers Value- clearly outlined Wilson’s reason’s for entering war Limitations- doesn’t explain the underlying causes of military intervention or pressure from big business to declare war for entry  Analysis America’s involvement in World War One began with producing vital weapons and foodstuffs for the Allied Powers, as well as economically supporting the Allied nation’s governments. Throughout the war, the German Empire repeatedly acted belligerently towards the neutral United States, sinking passenger lines, killing Amer ican civilians. Tension with Germany also rose after the proposal to Mexico asking the Mexican army to wage war on the United States. These belligerent German acts, however, would not have held as much effect as they did if American political opinions had not been shifted by the German actions, the economic pressure of close ties to the Allied nations, or social pressure brought along by shifting political attitudes. These all contributed to tensions growing regarding American military involvement I World War One President Woodrow Wilson was a stalwart proponent of American neutrality in the First World War for the almost all of the war, but the American political climate at the time forced his hand.. He was able to win this election because most voters at the time had pro-neutrality sentiments. However, Wilson took into account his slim margin of victory, and the Republican’s yearning for a prepared military. These yearnings were brought on mainly by the Lusitania sinking. A major proponent for intervention, the previously mentioned Theodore Roosevelt, denounced these acts of the German Empire as acts of piracy. Roosevelt’s popularity made these statements extremely well heard. This shift in public opinion helped force President Wilson’s hand. America’s involvement in World War One before it entry in combat was extremely vital, producing millions of dollars’ worth of material for Britain and France, as well as financing the war through small loans. This dependency was built by J. P Morgan, who traded nearly 3 billion dollars’ worth of goods with the allied powers. By 1917, America had invested 2. 7 billion dollars in Britain alone. Historian Paul Koistinen’s quote regarding British dependency on American trade shows how deeply entrenched America was with the war’s affairs pre involvement. These statistics show that the allied powers were completely dependent on American economic support American corporations had an immense amount of wealth in the war, and if they Allied powers lost the war, all of their investments would be worth nothing, because the countries that had been responsible for repaying these debts would no longer exist. The war was taking a detrimental toll on the populations of the warring nations, and the war was almost completely atrophied. It was only a matter of time before one side lost, and it was essential to American business that it was the Allied Powers. Had the allied powers lost to the central powers, American financers would have lost 2. 7 billion dollars as a whole, 2. 7 billion dollars that were needed to give to American business, 2. 7 billion dollars that banks needed to stay in business. Throughout pre-involvement America, as early as the dawn of the war, so called â€Å"hyphenated Americans†, had opinions on what side of the war to support, dependent on their country of origin. German-Americans, the largest ethnic group at the time , supported what they thought of as their motherland, Germany, therefore supported the Central Powers. The second largest ethnic group, Irish-Americans, saw Great Britain as an oppressor, therefore were also supporters of the central powers. However, most Americans at the time were still pro-neutrality. A Chicago newspaper, expressing thanks to Columbus, wrote an article on the blessing of the Atlantic Ocean. This was a popular sentiment at the time, and many Americans were proud of Wilson’s decision to be neutral. After the sinking of American ocean liner Lusitania the support of neutrality began to fade. Before the Lusitania disaster, however, 92 ships had been sunken by aggressive German action. None of these attacks had gained as much publicity, partially due to the fact that the previous sinking’s hadn’t been as destructive. But this was also due to the fact that the Lusitania sinking was grabbed onto by yellow journalists. â€Å"The blood of these murdered victims cries for vengeance. If that cry is unheard, the people of the United States will always bear upon them the stigma of the greatest humiliation ever put upon a nation. Writes a reporter from the Toronto Telegram. President Wilson demanded that German U-Boats stop sinking civilian liners, and if they continued to do so, they would be met with military retaliation. This didn’t stop Germans from sinking boats, and Wilson’s failure to take action against them infuriated Americans. Observing the protests in American cities at the time, one can judge that huge masses of people were strongly in favo r of interventionism. Conclusion The process of the American military joining the Allied Powers seemed inevitable from the start of the war, but still took hostile action and over reaction to spark military involvement. America’s pre-war economic ties to Europe and America’s reliance on trade with these nations during the war made America’s involvement with these nations too deep to let them lose the war, therefore forcing combat. Woodrow Wilson’s strong stance on neutrality couldn’t stand up to the enormous pressure he faced from the people of the United States.

Participant Groups Essay

Describe the Problem – The local community has constantly experienced trouble from the activity of youth gangs that are usually at odds with one another. Their conflicts usually end up in violent riots at different public places such as the plaza, the park, and the children’s community playground. Although most of these events happen during the dead of night and hardly any non-gang member in the community has gotten hurt because of them, the riots usually end up destroying community property such as street lamps, road signs, etc. The local sheriff’s department is usually inadequate in patrolling the streets at night. Their small number can only afford only a couple of deputies to do nightshifts. Hence, the gangs usually get away with their riots. Select Intended Participant Groups – Volunteers from the community who are agreeable to the creation of a neighborhood watch. They mainly comprise of young men and concerned fathers who are willing to take shifts at beefing up the night watch. Select a Setting – The community, including and most especially the sites usually frequented by the youth gangs such as the community playground, the park, and the plaza. Set Goals and Objectives – To reduce and eventually eliminate the incidence of youth violence at night due to youth gang riots. Select an Appropriate Intervention – A neighborhood watch. This is the formation of a group of dedicated individuals who would patrol at night as an auxiliary, unarmed division of the sheriff department’s nightshift watch. Locate Resources for your Intervention – vehicles can be solicited from willing contributors, rented from a local shop, or provided by the volunteers themselves. Communication equipment can be borrowed from the excess in the sheriff’s department. Funding for gas, batteries, and other miscellaneous materials shall be requested from the company. Involve the Community – Aside from the volunteers, the rest of the community will be made aware of the intervention through various information dissemination drives involving the school and the community leaders. Develop your Activities and Materials – Activities include violence pacification training of volunteers by sheriff’s department, volunteer evaluation and subsequent deployment. Materials to be developed are mobility and communications equipment. Staff your Intervention – The staff for the intervention consist of the volunteers, and selected deputies from the sheriff’s department to provide the necessary training and evaluation of volunteers. Train your Staff – Training involves violence pacification techniques, proper use of communication hardware, driving protocol, and aggression response protocols. Implement your Intervention – Implementation shall proceed as soon as enough volunteers have been trained and appropriate resources have been acquired. Monitor your Intervention – Each head volunteer per deployment is expected to monitor and record the events that transpire during his watch and submit reports to the company for evaluation. Evaluate your Intervention – the evaluation will be based on volunteer records, volunteer and community assessment, and independent assessment done by company representatives. The key points of evaluation are the rate of youth violence due to gangs after intervention implementation, community response and the viability of continued implementation.

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay

A Fruit Smoothie Is A Drink Biology Essay Fruit and vegetables are not consumed in the required quantities, throughout the world due to a variety of reasons e.g. availability, cost and/or convenience. Even though there importance is clearly defined by the World Health Organisation guidelines (Keenan et al. 2011a), in the developed world convenience is perceived as being the predominant cause for the demise of fruit and vegetable consumption. This has directly led to the development of a new product set – that enables the consumer to achieve the recommended 5 portions a day, whilst maintaining their busy life styles. ‘Smoothies’ have now entered into popular culture; the (Oxford English Dictionary, 2013) defines it as â€Å"Noun – a thick, smooth drink of fresh fruit purà ©ed with milk, yogurt, or ice cream† A fruit Smoothie is a drink that blends fruit and fruit juice together to create a healthy snack. The Smoothie market to have reached $9.0 billion by 2015 (Global Industry Analysts, 201 0) and that UK sales reached 34 million in 2006, which is 6.3 million up on 2001 according to Mintel who also expect Smoothie sales to treble by 2011 (BBC News, 2007). In the USA the sales reached $2 billion in 2012, which has grown 80% over the past 5 years (Smoothie Statistics, 2012). In the UK, the sales of smoothie increase to 80 million in 2007, but showed a reduction in sales gradually falling by 2009, however sales have increased again by 2011 to 55 million (British soft drinks, 2011). Mintel are a company that provide food and drink research to the UK. They have reported that many fruit Smoothies have been found to have a hidden sugar content to sweeten the Smoothie up; many of the fruit Smoothies were found to have hidden sugars comprising of fruit juice concentrates and high fructose syrup (Courier mail, 2013). Most Smoothie’s have apple and banana as core ingredients. Apples have a natural sweetness; this means not as much, if any additional sugar needs to be added to the drink, to sweeten the taste, banana is also added as it adds a natural thickness to the Smoothie, nothing artificial needs to be added to the Smoothie (Innocent drinks, 2013). One problem that is faced is the texture of the drink, it can be quite bitty or grainy, this is derived from tiny particles that some fruits contain, for example strawberries have small pips on the outside of the fruit, so blending the fruit alone will not get the particles to break up. However a way to change this has been found that passing ultrasound waves into the fruit during its preparation makes the particles smaller. Ultrasound wave technology has been available for many years, but in the last 10 years the food industry has developed a methodology to use the ultrasonic waves in food processing (Ultrasonic innovations, 2008). This paper presents an example of using ultrasound waves in the Fruit Smoothie product to reduce the particle size problem outlined earlier. There are a number of advantage s for using ultrasonic waves, they have a more effective mixing and micro-mixing, faster energy and mass transfer, reduction in temperature – the mixture can remain at the same temperature throughout the process. Ultrasound wave technology also increases the production volumes of the Smoothies (Chemat et al., 2011).

Explain how equilibrium is detemined in the keynesian income Essay

Explain how equilibrium is detemined in the keynesian income expenditure model. Use this model to examine the impact of a fall in government spending on the eco - Essay Example Given this rigidity of wages and prices, equilibrium output therefore is determined by demand. The aggregate effective demand is composed of planned real aggregate consumption expenditure (C), planned real aggregate investment (I) and real aggregate government expenditure (G). Real aggregate consumption expenditure is assumed to be a function of real aggregate output (Y) such that if Y rises C also rises but less than proportionally. The equilibrium is attained at that level of income or real output, equal to the effective demand. In the diagram above, the effective demand curve (obtained by vertically summing up C(Y), I and G) intersects the 45 degree line for the level of real aggregate output Y*. Thus Y* is the level of real aggregate output that satisfies the demand supply equality. The intersection point between the effective demand curve and the 45 degree line is referred to as the Keynesian cross. Now if there is a decline in government spending (G) given everything else remains unchanged, the effective aggregate demand will fall for each level of real output. Suppose G falls from G0 to G1. Therefore, the effective demand curve will shift downwards. Therefore the newer intersection point with the 45 degree line shall be to the left of the initial equilibrium point. Y** is the new equilibrium level of income which is lower than Y*. As a result of this decline in the level of real output, there will be a fall in employment as well. As government spending falls, there is a reduction in the effective demand. This reduction causes real output to shrink. This decline in real output again leads to a fall in real aggregate consumption expenditure which in turn reduces effective demand again. This again reduces real aggregate consumption expenditure and so on. However the magnitude of the second fall shall be smaller than the first one due to the non-proportional dependence of consumption on real income. Therefore, as a

How to do good in school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to do good in school - Essay Example First and foremost, a student needs discipline. This may seem difficult but what is really needed is for a person to decide to take all possible actions to plan and stick to his plans of action. It is then important to list activities and arrange them according to how they impact school performances. Allotting desired period of time is another important matter to consider in scheduling activities and sticking to the schedule regardless if the task is completed or not. This allows the student to adjust his pace in performing an activity rather than sacrificing other important tasks, allowing him to complete all that has been set for a day’s work. This could sometimes be discouraging during the first days however, once one has gotten into the habit of working in a timed manner, the body adjusts to the demands of discipline. Lectures are very helpful in improving a person’s school performances so it is also important to listen well and take notes. When a student takes notes while lectures are going on, he is strengthening his understanding of the topic and his retention of the information being discussed. In addition, during reviews, a person can always verify discussions with other resources based from what has been noted during lectures. Therefore, one has to learn how to take notes, study shorthand writing or make personal codes for an understandable outline, which will then be re-written if needed. Before every lecture, it is also most helpful for students to read in advance to have some idea what is to be discussed in class. This will enable an individual to grasp more details as compared to having no foreknowledge of the topic. Taking notes about important information that could possibly be discussed in class is also helpful, making note-taking during lectures easier and more complete. In taking personal notes during advance readings, a student should make an outline with special marks like asterisks, boxes,

Discourse and Representation (Critically assess the relevance of Essay

Discourse and Representation (Critically assess the relevance of Marxist theory to the study of Media Texts) - Essay Example No doubt, they are based on his concept; but the way they have spread their tentacles far and wide today, Marx himself would have found it difficult to recognise them and the relationship between the media and Marxism is one such field. Liberal pluralism and freedom of speech come distractingly closer to Marxist theorists in this field. "Marxist theorists tend to emphasize the role of the mass media in the reproduction of the status quo, in contrast to liberal pluralists who emphasize the role of the media in promoting freedom of speech," http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism01.html (Daniel Chandler). To Marxists, capitalistic society is one that is dominated by the dominant class and media is a part of such a society. It also represents a pluralist view and diverse values from various classes in the society. Graham Murdock spoke about 'political economy' and according to such thinkers, economic foundation is much more important than the ideology. These ideologies are mainly dealing with the construction of ownership and control at different stages of media production. "The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. ... Marxist theory applies the same owner-worker yardstick to every eventuality without fail. Worldviews and ideas are coming from the ruling class and naturally, according to Marxist theorists, most of them are biased, as the ruling class is in charge of presenting those ideas in their own way. It does not allow workers to send the clearer ideas and this makes the Media a region for class struggle. Existing power relations are usually maintained and promoted by media for decades now. Developing alternative theories in the place of what is always taken for granted is a comparatively recent approach opening new ideas for Marxist theorists. 'From each according to his ability and to each according to his needs' is the main rule of Marxism. Information stretched and spread for common consumption shows a comparative consistency. When the unprecedented 9/11 attacks took place, mass media and Marxist theories worked with great bonhomie. Theorists could see Marxism in the attacks on capitalism. Even though Marxism never facilitated plural voices, and the media is awfully restricted in Marxist rules, Marxist theorists applied various theories to the media presentation of the incident on the aftermath of the attacks. Theories and media texts revolutionalised the entire social structures of the world after this event. "A social formation consists of three practices: the economic, the political and the ideological. The relationship between the base and the superstructure is not one of expression, i.e., the superstructure being an expression or passive reflection of the base," Storey, (p.110). Academy Award Winner, Michael Moor's film, Fahrenheit 911 has been one of the most controversial movies in recent years, based on the disastrous

Precise Software Solutions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Precise Software Solutions - Case Study Example However, Precise will not be able to launch in 2000, because it does not have the human resources capabilities including technical personnel and sales team to develop the functionalities and sell product. Even if they try selling it earlier, it could lead to many short-term as well as long term-problems. Precise Software Solutions Introduction Organizations will always want to expand their markets, including the geographical markets as well as the product markets, so they can optimally tap the opportunities that may be available in those markets. When an organization finds that there are optimal opportunities in a particular product market, they will launch new products catering to that market. As new product launch can be the ‘key’ that enables the organization to open the ‘doors’ of success, organization can or need to come up new products or services at regular intervals or at appropriate times. However, one of the key issues regarding new product launche s is the functionality of the product and timing of the launch. Background and the Problem Precise’s existing operations Precise Software solutions, located in Westwood, Massachusetts, launched its first product in 1996 called Precise/SQL, which has applications in the performance management market. Within three years, this single offering had expanded into an optimal suite of performance management tools, mainly for Oracle databases and other software applications. With these products, Precise had built a strong reputation as a developer of high quality products, who can deliver products with all the functionalities, which they promised or advertised before the launch, without any fail. Although, Precise/SQL remained the company's core offering, and accounted for a major portion of the Precise's revenue, the management felt there is a good scope to launch a new product. New Product, Insight and its market The product is called Insight and is to be launched to cover the produ ct market of "performance management and availability". Broadly speaking, this market included products that measured and/or managed the efficiency and effectiveness of the various components of the IT system. Importantly, Dataquest estimated that this market to be $2.4 billion in 1999, with a doubling expected by 2003. With such high potential existing in that particular product market, Precise initiated plans to develop the software Insight. Through that product, as envisioned by its President and CEO, Shimon Alon, Precise thought they have an important new product, which can establish the company as a leader in the market on a much broader level. In addition, it would allow them to diversify its customer base, and importantly enable it to achieve its immediate goal of building Precise into a $100 million company. Main problems of functionality and timing However, the problem arose mainly regarding the launch timing of the product. That is, certain sections of the management are o f the view that if the product is launched at the Oracle Open World in September 2000 in San Francisco, it will get good visibility and reach among the target customer base. On the other hand, rest of the management opined that Insight should be launched as a Generally Available (GA) version after all its functionalities were developed. As it would take sizable time to develop those functionalities, they stated it would be better if the launch can be postponed by another year (2001). This divergence of views between the

Geology Volcanoes&Earthquake Assignment2 Assignment

Geology Volcanoes&Earthquake Assignment2 - Assignment Example "Back from the Dead" depicts the magnitude of damage that a volcanic activity can cause. The movie shows the eruption of Mt. St. Helens as one of the most catastrophic events that occurred in the United States. Both movies give viewers first-hand evidence that volcanic activity can cause economic and human loss. Various things such as disruptions lead to the eruption of hot magma and lava. But those are not the major lessons learnt. People who knew the background of Mt St. Helens were shocked by the events that followed. The events that take place, as shown by both movies, reveal that mountains that occur through volcanic means can reoccur. What is interesting is that a resurgence of plant and animal life invoked the mountain out of its dormancy. Additionally, the movie increase insight regarding causes of environmental and geological shifts, forces that spur eruptions. If geologists and people in general can gain better understanding of factors behind shifts, they prediction of futu re eruptions can become easy (Dale, Swanson, and Crisafulli, 7). Fire Mountain, on the other hand, presents a firsthand experience of one of the biggest natural catastrophes to have occurred that resulted in more 540 million tons of rock and ash being thrown out into the sky. The movie is talking about the same event as Back from the Dead is, but the details and accounts presented in this movie are different from the first one. The video, packed with evolutionary partiality, does not categorically mention how the ecological or geological features came about by the Mt. St. Helens’ eruption in 1980 parallel the creationist explanations more than the evolutionary theory. However, it gives a good account of what happened, especially with its interviews with survivors, and the viewer can easily draw apparent conclusions. This movie shows how seemingly old, stratified rock can form by

Transformation of e.coli with plasmid dna and ligated dna Essay

Transformation of e.coli with plasmid dna and ligated dna - Essay Example nce gene on the plasmid serves the purpose of a selectable marker that provides a new characteristic to the transformed cell not possessed by the non-transformed cell, thereby distinguishing from the non-transformant on a selective media. The ‘No DNA’ control on the LB plate (which contains no antibiotic or X-gal) is expected to show lawn pattern of bacterial growth implying that the bacterial cells are viable and can grow in the absence of the antibiotic ampicillin. However the "No DNA" on the LB blue plate is expected to show no growth as they do not contain the necessary gene for the restriction enzyme to survive in the medium with ampicillin. Tube 2 shows all blue colonies which illustrates that transformation of cells with plasmid pCK103 confers the bacterial cells with the ability to grow in ampicillin medium due to the presence of the resistance gene and also convert X-gal in the medium to produce blue colonies by the action of lac Z gene present in the plasmid which encodes ï  ¢- galactosidase involved in lactose metabolism. 3). x ï  ­g of the plasmid pCK103 were added to the E. coli during the transformation. From your results calculate the total number of transformants produced by this amount of DNA. Remember that the 100ï  ­l sample is only half of the total transformation and the 10ï  ­l sample is, of course, a twentieth. 4). This value is known as the transformation frequency and is a measure of the efficiency of the process. It is to some extent dependent on the plasmid used but for pCK103 a value of 106 - 107 transformants per ï  ­g may be expected under ideal conditions. How does your value compare to this? Why do you think it differs? The value differs from the ideal transformation efficiency predicted for pCK103. A number of factors affect transformation efficiency such as the actual DNA concentration and amount of DNA, heat shock, length of time for expression after transformation as well as the selective plates used. The results

Automatic Stabilizer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Automatic Stabilizer - Essay Example Automatic stabilizers primarily deal with minor shifts that could harmfully affect one or more sections of economic classes. They are unable to cope with major changes, as those are usually resolved with legislations that utilize greater funding. The population assisted by the shift becomes aware that their situation is not as deeply affected by a change in the economy while the process remains publicly unnoticed. Its action can be best illustrated during recession, wherein income employs displays multiplier effect on progressive tax for it not to drop exceedingly. Correspondingly, transfer payments and services for the poor increases in multiplier effect as well. Automatic stabilizers work as a means to reduce fluctuations in GDP. During recession, the size of the government deficit tends to increase keeping the national income high through a multiplier. Moreover, recession tend to keep imports low, keeping more money in the domestic economy. Being progressive, government tax revenue tends to fall in proportion to national income. In as much as corporation tax, with greater regards to profits than turnovers, decreases with lesser economic activity. There are instances when transfer payment and government purchase increase as opposed to income decline. This becomes apparent when government expenditure consequently increases during recession. Government's unemployment and welfare benefits serves can be describe as such. This is e

Virtual reality Essay Example for Free

Virtual reality Essay Abstract The contemporary world is greatly characterized with the usage of highly developed technology, tools, gadgets, and appliances. One just needs to look around him to see the truth to this statement. Be it in business, education, travel, medical, practically everything and anything, one uses technology to conduct daily living. These technologies underwent several processes and upgrades to be what they are today. Nonetheless, each technology still undergoes enhancements that would help individuals in going about their daily lives. The initial process with which technology evolved into what it is today was first conceptualized, then improved to what man utilizes today. A concrete example of this would be the television which is a common appliance in todays world. Before the television became to what it is today (digital), it was first conceptualized, designed, produced, tested, developed and enhanced. As these things were first conceptualized, hence, the term virtual reality was coined. It is, therefore, a usual question whether the initial process was real considering that it was merely a concept, a virtual reality. It is in line with the above that the primordial purpose of this paper is to scrutinize whether virtual reality is indeed real or just a figment of mans imagination. VIRTUAL REALITY 3 Virtual Reality: Is It Real? Todays technology has been conceptualized in the not so distant past and has been LABELLED AS VIRTUAL REALITY. WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO UTILIZE REALITIES AND THINGS IN ORDER TO HELP MAN IN his daily living, several researches conducted studies and experimentations in order to produce materials that will be able to make life a lot easier to the end users of the same. If one has an intensive scrutiny of the experiences any person would have today, technology is always used and is in great demand. Technology is used in business, in education, in medical, in warfare practically in anything and everything. These became realities as they were first conceptualized prior to the production of the gadgets and things that man uses today. From conceptualization, experiments were conducted to ensure that these products would eventually meet its purpose and would ultimately be of benefit to the users of the same. Safety and costs have been one of the primordial considerations. This raises the question that many would query. At the stage of conceptualization (virtual reality), would one consider these concepts as real or not? It is the objective of this paper to focus on this. At the end of this paper, the reader will be able to: 1) understand what virtual reality is; 2) see a short history of the development of virtual reality; 3) realize the usage and advantages of the end-products of virtual reality; 4) comprehend whether virtual reality is real or not. The meanings of Virtual Reality and Reality Many have always asked, What is virtual reality? What is reality? . Oxford Dictionary (online publication, 2010) defines virtual reality as almost or nearly as described, but not VIRTUAL REALITY 4 completely or according to strict definition. Late Middle English defines it as possessing certain virtues. The word virtual comes from the Latin word virtue, virtuosus. The etymology of the word reality comes from the Latin word realis which means relating to things. Oxford Dictionary defines it as â€Å"the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia defines virtual reality as computer-generated environment and within which people can interact it can immerse people in an environment that would normally be unavailable due to cost, safety, or perception restrictions. D. Petechuk stated that virtual reality combine state-of-the-art imaging with computer technology to allow users to experience a three-dimensional simulated environment. Ilkka Maunu Niiniluoto, in his article Virtual worlds, fiction and reality has referred to Michael Heim in giving meaning to the word, virtual reality. In his book Virtual realism (1998), Michael Heim states that virtual reality is a technology or an emerged field of applied science. John C. Briggs, on the other hand, in his article, The Promise of Virtual Reality, wrote, Virtual reality can be defined as a three-dimensional, computer-generated simulation in which one can navigate around, interact with, and be immersed in another environment Virtual reality provides a reality that mimics our everyday one. What would virtual reality mean to ordinary people? When one hears this word, people would usually associate it as something that has to do with computers. While others would think that it is a dream world where anything and everything is possible to happen, there are also others who would think that virtual reality is a conception concocted not only by the mind but also by the very person who has thought of the concept concerned. There would also be a group VIRTUAL REALITY 5 who would think that virtual reality is the stepping stone through which different gadgets currently used have gone through: conceptualized, tested, revised and produced. A Short History of the Evolution of Virtual Reality This section will focus on the discourse of D. Petechuk entitled, Virtual Reality. Petechuk stated that the concept of virtual reality would date back to World War II. The pilots who were then training for their combat missions needed training for the mission that they had. There was a need for flight simulators; however, the technology then was not sufficient. The trainees had only basic simulation. Through the years, technology advanced and so did virtual reality. Ivan Sutherland, according to Petechuk, conducted experiments with the first head- mounted three-dimensional displays the user was able to view a computer-generated three- dimensional cube floating in space and, by moving his or her head, inspect various aspects of the cube and determine its dimensions. This was in 1966. By 1970, Sutherland built the first full functional head-mounted display unit. There were many big industries who also ventured into the development of virtual reality. One of them was General Electric Corporation that built one of the first computerized flight simulators in 1972. In 1975, Thomas Furness III developed the prototype Visually Couple Airborne Systems Simulator whereby the pilots had an abstract view of flying conditions instead of a reality- based image pilots became totally immersed in the graphic representation. VIRTUAL REALITY 6 Mary Alice Ball, in her book review, Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges: Papers from SRIs 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality, wrote: Virtual reality is still in its infancy, and researchers are intent on developing and refining new and better tools. Mary Ball further wrote that virtual reality has the potential to take us beyond our physical limitations and guide us to new insights Virtual reality uses technology to create human-machine interfaces that permit control of multiple peripheral devices with relative ease. Through the years after this, big investments were poured into the research as to how virtual reality could produce things that would be used daily. As there are a lot of advantages and uses of the things produced through virtual reality, focus and attention were given for the development of virtual reality to what it is today. This would be discussed in depth in the following section. The Applications of Virtual Reality As stated earlier, the contemporary world is characterized with a lot of technologies that have been developed through the many years. When one looks around, it is very evident that varied products of virtual reality have been created that ultimately helps any one in conducting his daily business in live. Many of these technologies have gone through the process of being conceptualized, tested, revised, and enhanced. The many things man uses today went through a long process of evolution and are still undergoing improvements so that the maximum usage of the same would be attained. These products did not just come out of thin air. The process through which they have been developed has been long and tedious. VIRTUAL REALITY 7 Beth Stackpole in her article, Virtual Reality Gets Real, stated that the militarys use of virtual reality touches training, product development and command and control platforms. She further reiterates that virtual reality technology and simulators are actively used to train military personnel on how to pilot aircraft or handle weaponry. Patrick Mays in his article entitled, Making Virtual Reality Real, Creating VR models takes no longer than any other computer modeling: Most of the massing of a large project can be completed in only a few days. John Briggs in his article entitled, The Promise of Virtual Reality, discusses at length the varied applications of virtual reality. It must be noted, however, that this article was written in 1996. He writes that technologys present state of advancement has been overstated. Coverage in numerous magazines and newspaper articles, on TV shows, and even in TV ads suggests that virtual reality is now fully developed. Unfortunately, this is not true Virtual reality is with us now in a very early and rudimentary form. Virtual reality is greatly used in businesses today. Many companies are able to create visualizations of the stock market. Currently, this is now being conducted in many companies, most specially the big ones. A stock broker or analyst can quickly see patterns for a market sector as a whole, as well as the activity of specific stocks and can bring in-depth information to the screen and give the broker an opportunity to rapidly buy or sell a stock. Virtual reality has also played a great role in empowering people with disabilities. In his article, Briggs reported that virtual reality is used to confirm the accessibility of buildings for people with disabilities. It is also used in teaching students how to use a wheelchair and training VIRTUAL REALITY 8 people who are intellectually compromised on how to get from one point to another using different form of transportation. In the same article, Briggs has touched on how virtual reality may be used in education and training whereby the trainees walk through a virtual factory and learn about health hazards a more engaging experience than reading a manual or attending a lecture. Likewise, through virtual reality astronomy students will be able to explore galaxies and study their properties. English students will be able to be on stage where Shakespearean plays are being presented. History students will be able to go to different historical events and would have the possibility of participating in them. These are examples of what Briggs thought on how virtual reality will affect and effect the seemingly uneventful past life of man. Briggs is therefore simply reiterating the simple fact that virtual reality is the biggest factor that will be utilized by any person as virtual reality will make things a lot easier for man to conduct his daily businesses. As virtual reality is constantly evolving, it will spice up mans life, mans living and his mere existence. As different facets of life will ultimately be immensely influenced by virtual reality, it goes without saying that virtual reality will continue to develop and be made user friendly to its end users man himself. The constant enhancements will proceed so that virtual reality and the products it produces will be of much better utility for all to avail of. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, one would clearly see that virtual reality has produced numerous technologies currently used in daily living. These have given any one for that matter a choice to make life easier or not. However, these things were not produced out of thin air, so to VIRTUAL REALITY 9 speak. There have been a lot of processes that were implemented to have the technologies that we have today. Based on what is existing, these technologies were conceptualized, altered, refined, improved, and enhanced. The fact remains that they have all been based on existing realities. Concretely speaking, before man landed on the moon in 1969, there were a lot of processes that occurred. The astronauts did not just land there per se. There were a lot of trainings conducted and one of them was the effect of weightlessness for a long period of time. Creating this atmosphere was first conceptualized and the atmosphere to produce the same scenario as it would appear on the moon itself was created. The garment they wore, the numerous pieces of equipment they used were first conceptualized, produced, tested, and refined to ensure the safety of the astronauts and to lessen the effects of many factors. These all started with virtual reality. Likewise, another example one may look at is the robots used in highly advanced countries where the robot detonates or make safe explosives that may cause harm or danger. This was also conceptualized at the beginning, produced, tested and refined to ensure its effectivity in pursuing the purpose for which it was built. What is being simply emphasized is the fact that virtual reality is based on what exists and it is not a figment of ones imagination. As such, it is real. The basis of virtual reality is reality itself. In Argumentative Logic, the argumentation would be: Virtual Reality is based on reality. Reality is what exists; what is reality. Therefore, Virtual Reality is reality; it is real. VIRTUAL REALITY 10 References: Ball, M. A. (1993, June). Virtual Worlds, Real Challenges: Papers from SRIs 1991 Conference on Virtual Reality. Information Technology and Libraries, 12(2), 291. Briggs, J. C. (1996, September). The Promise of Virtual Reality. The Futurist, 30(5), 13. Mays, P. (1998, October). Making virtual reality real. Architecture, 87(10), 162. Niiniluoto, I. M. (2012). Virtual worlds, fiction, and reality/Mundos virtuales, ficcion y realidad. Discusiones Filosoficas, 13(21), 13. Petechuk, D. (2004). Virtual Reality. In K. L. Lerner B. W. Lerner (Eds. ), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (3rd ed. , Vol. 6, pp. 4225-4229). Detroit: Gale. Virtual Reality Gets Real. (2008, January 7). Design News, 63(1), 85. Virtual Reality. (2013). In The Columbia Electronic Encyclopediaâ„ ¢. New York: Columbia University Press.

Individual Food Intake Essay Example for Free

Individual Food Intake Essay After using the food assessment tool at www.choosemyplate.gov I found that my daily intake of food was not sufficient for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Many of my goals were not achieved or were overachieved. This assessment revealed an imbalance in my eating habits. Like many Americans I am on the run and constrained by time. Going to school and working fulltime often forces me to eat quickly and make hurried choices. Often my choices are not in my best health interest but rather based on what is fast. When I have time, I tend to try to make better eating decisions but this is not sufficient for a good diet. In accordance with the Food Guide Pyramid I fell short in many areas of necessary consumption and went over in other areas. For the three day period I went over in grains (14.5 oz.) and over in proteins (10.5 oz.). I was insufficient with vegetables (1 cup), fruits (3/4 cup), and dairy (1 cup). What I found disturbing was that the bulk of the items I went over on was not balanced across three days but was instead committed on one to two days of the tracker. This means that on one day I had reached limits. This could be seen clearly on the third day and specifically with regard to lunch and my numbers jumped dramatically. I believe that I need to reshape my diet around the six classes of nutrients. The six nutrients include: 1. Water 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Fats 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals Each of the six nutrients is necessary in varying degrees in the body. Using the Food Pyramid I can identify the levels of nutrient intake and then  design my diet in accordance with balancing these numbers. For example, I eat a banana each day but this only provides me with a portion of the fruit intake I need and thereby cuts down on the vitamins and minerals I receive. By increasing my fruit intake I can increase this number but this is only part of the solution. I need to add more variety of food which will better encompass the wide range of nutrients needed. For example, strawberries and blueberries could be added to my diet and this would increase antioxidant intake as well as vitamins such as C. It is not just fruit intake that would need to be altered in this way; vegetables and meats also need to be examined. The intake of green vegetables would help to increase vitamin A, foliate, and iron, among other essentials. By expanding my varieties of foods I can incorporate this into my diet, as well as the elimination of certain types of foods could be used to increase nutrient intake such as removing the fast food burger in lieu of leaner fish which contains higher levels of Omega 3 and better quality proteins. Leaner meats that do not require heavy cooking also require less energy for the body to process and provide more useful calories. By modifying my diet in accordance with the Food Pyramid, I believe I can become healthier. The key is to determine the different foods that I will need to incorporate into my diet and to find the quantity that balances my caloric intake. For this I will need to do some research because I still need my diet to be somewhat convenient as well as nutritionally balanced. I believe it should also be mentioned that the level of fats that are taken in should be monitored as well, because almost a third of my diet was empty calories which had no nutritional value. There was also a very high sodium intake and my saturated fats were over the limit. These issues present many long term concerns which need to be addressed. This diet failure also explains my feelings of fatigue and my propensity for illnesses. My body has simply not been receiving the nutrients and levels that it needs to properly function. By watching these numbers I should be able to increase energy and make sure that my future health is strong. I also need to watch what I consume because my mother has had colon cancer, so the healthier I eat the  chances are less that I will contract that cancer. References Contemporary Nutrition, WileyPLUS ®, iProfile

How does Great Expectations Reflect the Victorian Era?

How does Great Expectations Reflect the Victorian Era? Then, Pip becomes a gentleman, he assumes that great expectations mean that he may no longer be content with the good things he already has. When Mr. Joe visits Pip in London, Pip looks down on Mr. Joe and thinks that he does not fit to his new environment anymore. Pip thinks to himself, Not with pleasure, though I was bound to him by so many ties; no; with considerable disturbance†¦ If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money (pg.186). Although Joe protected and assisted Pip throughout his childhood and adolescence, Pip was still embarrassed by him. However, in the end he regrets for treating him so rude. After so many disappointments (He was planning to marry Biddy, but she married Mr. Joe. He expected that being a gentleman would provide him a chance to marry Estella, but she married Bentley etc.), he is finally forced to develop some simple and realistic expectations and learns how to be content with the modest living he makes in the mercantile firm. Pip learns that social class is not essential for happiness; that strict designations of good and evil, and even of guilt and innocence, are nearly impossible to maintain in a world that is constantly changing; and that his treatment of his loved ones must be the guiding principle in his life. Great Expectations and Victorian Age Dickens Great Expectations is one of several reflective books of Victorian age. It is a very successful representative of its own time. Written in 1860 and following the story of Pip from childhood to adulthood, the book represents the common Victorian elements like social class difference, industrialization, Victorian houses, Victorian values and women. At the very beginning of the book, we encounter with a typical low-class family. They live in a village among marshes. Mr. Joe is a blacksmith and his wife (the sister of Pip) is a typical Victorian low-class housewife. She sinks under the household duties and always complains about not being able to take off her apron (chapter 1-2). Because of her harsh duties, she is always frustrated and often beats Pip. Then, we encounter with high-class, well-dressed, well-dancing women like Miss Havisham and Estella through the onwards of the book. These two different families are also the first signals of the existence of social classes in the society. On the one hand, Gargery family is a poor, uneducated, living in a village. On the other hand, Miss Havisham lives in a mansion called Satis House. The Pockets house is full of servants. Estella is a young lady who dances well and educated abroad. Also the other women in Pips snobbish life in London represent the typical high-class Victorian women. Having seen the two different lives in early years of his life, Pip wants to shift to the upper class. He expects to become a gentleman who has all the values appreciated by the society in order to have Estella and an upper class lifestyle. Pips early impressions about London remind us the effects of Industrial Revolution and immigration. When he comes to London, he is amazed and displeased with the unbelievable crowd (resulting from immigration for job) and awful smell (coming from sewage due to the factories): I was scared by the intensity of London. I think I might have had some faint doubts whether it was not rather ugly, crooked, narrow, and dirty.'(pg. 138) The gloomy streets of Smithfield disturb him. It is easy to see Victorian architecture and Victorian houses in the book. Satis House, Wemmicks house (like a castle), and other ornamented houses tell us the taste of architecture of those days. It is very sad not to see some of important themes of Victorian era like child labor, prostitution, colonialism etc. in Great Expectations. But, Dickens uses colonialism in Great Expectations as a narrative device. A transported convict exactly meets the need for a benefactor who can make a substantial fortune yet who has to remain anonymous, and of whom Pip will eventually be ashamed. The capital law against returning from transportation sharpens the impact of the later chapters, when Pip sheds his pretensions as well as his wealth. Thus Dickens, like so many Victorian authors who used the colonies as places to transfer burned-out characters or from which to retrieve characters, uses this aspect of colonialism as the dramatic cornerstone for his novel. (Jonah Raskin in The Mythology of Imperialism (New York:Random House,1971)) In other words, colonialism is used not as a theme but a narrative device in Great Expectations. Also, Dickens used the other themes mentioned above in his other works. For example, Oliver Twist child labor, destitution etc.

Essay --

The PlayStation 3 is one of the world’s most sophisticated videogame consoles to date. The PlayStation 3 has some of the most complex hardware which works quickly and efficiently. It also has many accessories to make the gaming experience much more enjoyable for users. On top of all these great characteristics, the PS3 also has the PlayStation Network. With all these different functions, it is necessary for the PS3 to have such suitable hardware and technology. â€Å"The heart of the PS3 is the Cell Broadband Engine, developed jointly by Sony, Toshiba, and IBM (Wildstrom, 2006, p1)†. The PlayStation 3 has a Cell Processor which is essentially nine microprocessors on one chip. This allows the system to perform multiple operations at once. The graphics card, which provides some of the sharpest graphics, was made by Nvidia. There are two different versions of the PS3. One has a 60GB hard drive, WiFi capabilities, and the ability to read various flash ram cards. The other version has a 20GB drive, but does not have WiFi capabilities or the ability to read various flash ram cards. The 60GB PS3 is shiny black with a silver accent plate that protects the Blu-ray drive and the 20GB PS3 is clear black and has no silver plate. The PS3 has a built-in Blue-ray disc player which is High-Definition. It can play Blue-ray movies, PS3 games, CDs, and DVDs. The PS3 has many different types of accessories. Some of the most common accessories are the controllers and headsets. The Sixaxis Wireless Controller was the official wireless controller for the PlayStation 3 until the DualShock 3 became available. The DualShock 3 replaced the Sixaxis as the standard PS3 controller. It features the same functions and design as the Sixaxis, ... ...s and restrictions. An account holder for the Master Account must be 18-years-old or older. A Master Account must be made before a Sub Account can be made and there are additional requirements in order to complete registration for sub accounts for children under 13. A Master Account holder must be the Sub Account holder’s parent or legal guardian. The PlayStation 3 is one of the world’s most sophisticated videogame consoles to date. Not only does it have a great amount of hardware installed in it, but it also has many great accessories. These accessories include, but are not limited to, videogame controllers and headsets. On top of that, the PlayStation 3 has a PlayStation Network where users can play games online and access the multitudes of games located in the library. The PlayStation 3 enables users to meet and play with users from all across the world.

Internet Crime :: Cybercrime Essays

An intentional breach to digital security often involves a deliberate act that is against the law.1 Cybercrime refers to online or Internet-based illegal acts such as distributing malicious software or committing identity theft. Perpetrators of cybercrime typically fall into one of these categories: hacker, cracker, script kiddie, corporate spy, unethical employee, cyberextortionist, and cyberterrorist. The term hacker refers to someone who accesses a computer or network illegally. Some hackers claim the intent of their security breaches is to improve security. A cracker also is someone who accesses a computer or network illegally but has the intent of destroying data, stealing information, or other malicious action. Both hackers and crackers have advanced computer and network skills. A script kiddie has the same intent as a cracker but does not have the technical skills and knowledge. Script kiddies often use prewritten hacking and cracking programs. Corporate spies and unethical employees are other types of cybercrime perpetrators. Some corporate spies have excellent computer and networking skills and are hired to break into a specific computer and steal its proprietary data and information, or to help identify security risks in their own organization. Unethical employees may break into their employers’ computers for a variety of reasons. They may want to exploit a security weakness, receive financial gains from selling confidential information, or even to seek revenge (Gonzalez). A cyberextortionist is someone who demands payment to stop an attack on an organization’s technology infrastructure. For example, these criminals threaten to expose confidential information, exploit a security flaw, or launch an attack that will compromise the organization’s network. A cyberterrorist is someone who uses the Internet or network to destroy or damage computers for political reasons. Cyberwarfare is an attack whose goal ranges from disabling a government’s computer network to crippling a country. Cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare usually require a team of highly skilled individuals, millions of dollars, and several years of planning (Zheng and Rutherford).

Michelangelo :: Art, Paintings

Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese, Tuscany. His dad was Lodovico di Buonarrotto and his mother was Fracessca Neri. Michelangelo was also the second of five brothers. His mother was not capable of raising Michelangelo so his dad let a stonecutter’s wife raise him. Sadly, Michelangelo’s mom died when he was six (Bonner Par. 1-13). Michelangelo’s family moved to Florence, Italy a month after his birth. Although his family was not wealthy, Michelangelo went to school in 1482. When Michelangelo started to excel in the arts his dad was not happy. He wanted Michelangelo to become a government or military figure. He beat Michelangelo to steer him away from the arts. Finally, at age 13 Michelangelo’s dad gave up and let Michelangelo start an apprenticeship under Domenico Ghirlando to learn (McNeese 11-21). Michelangelo’s first sculptures were made when he was around age 16. These sculptures were the Battle of the Centaurs and Madonna of the Stairs. The Battle of the Centaurs consisted of nude Greek men fighting centaurs. Centaurs are creatures that have the top half of a man and a bottom half of horse. These sculptures are what told Giovanni de Bertoldo, Michelagelo’s second teacher, that he had a unique calling for sculpting (Bonner Par. 1). Shortly after arriving in Rome, Michelangelo was hired to make a Roman god sculpture. Michelangelo chose to sculpt the Roman god of wine, Bacchus. Michelangelo spent a year on the project. The original customer was not happy with but Jacopo Galli, a Roman banker, purchased the piece. This sculpture is what lead Michelangelo to become more famous (McNeese 34). The next sculpture that Michelangelo made was for a French cardinal, Jean Villiers de Fezencac. The cardinal wanted a sculpture of Virgin Mary and Jesus. Michelangelo signed a contract to be paid 450 ducats if he completed the sculpture in one year. Gladly, he finished the sculpture successfully. The sculpture was called the Pieta and consisted of the siting Virgin Mary with the dead body of her son Jesus across her lap (McNeese 35). In April 1508 Pope Julius II hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (McNeese 87). The Sistine Chapel was where major papal ceremonies took place (Summers 11). Although Julius II just wanted Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the chapel Michelangelo had bigger ideas. By 1513, Michelangelo had around 340 figures on the ceiling of the chapel.

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

| Battle of the Teutoburg Forest In 9 AD, Roman general Roman general Varus was betrayed by Arminius, the leader of a massive Germanic tribe. Arminius deceived the Roman and led them into a trap deep into the Teutoburg forest which would lay a foundation for what will be one of the biggest defeats in roman history; resulting in the extermination of some 20,000 roman troops. The effects of this defeat halted Roman expansion beyond the Rhine River. The psychological affects would eventually take a toll on Augustus, leading to illness and death. (Wells, p. 5) Arminius was the prince of the Cherusci tribe of Germans. He lived in the northern part of modern day Germany. (P. 107) Later, he would go on to serve in the roman army, in command of Roman auxiliary forces comprised of members from the surrounding tribes. He learned his tactic here while in his service for Rome. This would later grant him the upper hand, for he will know the Romans weaknesses and he will know how they fight. He mo st likely had a variety of motives for serving in the Roman military. Besides earning a substantial salary, he would have gained considerable status in Rome.During his years of service to the Roman Military he learned Latin and in recognition of is efforts to Rome, was award with Roman citizenship. (P. 108). This is a prize that is normally bestowed upon those leaders who give exceptional service to Rome. Also, he was granted status as an equestrian, which is quite a high rank in Roman society. Around the year of 9 A. D. , Arminius left the Roman military and returned to his homeland. When he returned home at the age of 25, his experience with the Roman military had prepared him to lead. Rome’s man in the Rhineland in A. D. 9 was Publius Quinctilius Varus. † (Wells,P. 80) He had attained an excellent record of service as governor and general in various places within the Empire. In the year of 13 B. C. he served for consul with Claudius Nero. Varus was provided entry int o the political elite of Rome via marriage connections and relationships linked with Augustus. As his role as Consul, Varus was able to integrate himself within the political world and shake hands with the right people. Events leading up to the attack were slow but steady.Romans held little of Germania before the revolt, they had some organized communities but not many. Romans believed they had a mission to grant others with the civilized life such as theirs and to give other regions what they have to offer. This expansion pushed smoothly and slowly through Germania as the tribes there began to see the benefit of Roman civilization. â€Å"The barbarians were adapting themselves to Roman ways, were becoming accustomed to hold markets, and were meeting in peaceful assemblages.They had not, however, forgotten their ancestral habits, their native manners, their old life of independence, or the power derived from arms†¦becoming different without knowing it. † (Cassius Dio, P. 1) However, when Quinctilius Varus was placed Governor of the province of Germania he began to push Roman way of life on them at a much quicker rate. According to Cassius Dio, â€Å"Besides issuing orders to them as if they were actually slaves of the Romans, he exacted money as he would from subject nations. To this they were in no mood to submit. Ancient historian, Velleius Paterculus, notes that Varus was â€Å"more accustomed to the leisure of the camp than to actual service in war. † The quiet camp grounds and communities suits Varus quite well. Arminus returned to Germania from Pannonina as a respected leader and trusted Roman citizen. Germanic tribe members complied with Roman law while suppressing their barbarian ways of solving issues. This was only a front to keep the Romans off their backs. The barbarians were growing tired of the Roman rules and having to go to Roman courts to have the Romans decide their disputes.The barbarians had long standing traditions for solving their issues and they were not satisfied with the way that Varus forced this rule onto them. The resentment begins to build while the surface seems calm. Varus had not been accustomed to governing those who did not want to be governed. So, when the Germanic people had enough of the Roman forces, they decided to fool him for something must be done to get rid of him. This of course is when the turn to Arminius, for no one is more perfect for the job.His high status and trust within the Roman government allows him to set the largest trap imaginable. Velleius Paterculus adds, â€Å"This young man made use of the negligence†¦seeing that no one could be more quickly overpowered than the man who feared nothing, and that the most common beginning of disaster was a sense of security. † The Germans set their trap deep in the tree clogged forest of the Teutoburg forest. Varus and his troops are packing up to advance to a camp to the east. Meanwhile, he is approached by an o ld friend, Arminius. He notifies Varus of a small ribal uprising right off the course to their intended path to the camp. This ambush was setup alongside a narrow path, causing the romans to march closely together. (Cassius Dio, P. 7) Cassius Dio notes, â€Å"they had with them many wagons and many beasts of burden as in time of peace. † To add to the difficulties, it had begun to rain, making the forest floor slippery while tree tops fell on them creating confusion. While the Romans were undergoing such complications, the barbarians suddenly surrounded them on all sides at once. They were caught in the worst situation possible.The Roman army was slaughtered as thousands of soldiers were ambushed by barbarians, destroying 16,000 Romans in one swoop (Wells, P. 189). This battle was significant for the fact that it halted Roman expansion across the Rhine River and sent a message to Rome that they were not invincible. While it may have been a short battle, it was a large loss. W hen Augustus is exposed the extreme loss, he is devastated. The Romans, along with Varus, knew that it was completely Varus’s fault and would lead him to suicide. Works Cited Wells, Peter S.The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, And The Slaughter Of The Legions In The Teutoburg Forest / Peter S. Wells. n. p. : New York : W. W. Norton, 2004. , 2004. Louisiana State University. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. â€Å"The Battle of Teutoburg Forest. †Ã‚  Penelope. uchicago. edu. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Velleius Paterculus. †Ã‚  The Battle in the Teutoburg Forest. N. p. , 16 Aug. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. .

Colgate’s Distateful Toothpaste

The mission statement for Colgate is â€Å"Our three fundamental values – Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement – are part of everything we do. † (â€Å"Colgate world of,† 2011). Colgate presents products in the line of household and personal care such as laundry detergents, health care products and Hill pet food. The case, Colgate's Distasteful Toothpaste, deals with ethical issues associated with Colgate’s repugnant toothpaste brand named Darkie. The term ethics refers to accepted principles of right and wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the action of an organization. Because it refers to accepted principles, these principles may change from country to country or from business to business. No two countries hold the same identical ethical values. Business ethics are the accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct or behavior of business people. According to the case at hand, the ethical issues arising are about the logo on the tooth paste â€Å"Darki† black man toothpaste. This is an ethical issue because the logo was very popular in the Asian market for years which meant that it was very well accepted and non-offensive in the market. But as soon as the word of such action was heard of in the US it was regarded as offensive and unacceptable. The argument was how in the world could this simple logo which had generated millions of dollars to the Colgate and Hawley and Hazel alliance be called offensive? The spokesperson from Hawley and Hazel pointed to the fact they had no problems because the market share was so high in Asia. It left a bad impression on the US consumers because culture was different. The trade mark or logo was singling out black people which were viewed as a form of racism by the US population. In the Asian community this was not a problem because there was not a large black population as compared to the US. In the US with the institution of slavery still fresh on the minds of the average American this ad did not sit well, so one can clearly see that in this case ethics had indeed been violated. Another case in point is that Colgate indicated that they had no plans of selling this product in the western world tells me that they were in this thing just for market share in the Asian market. And that they knew being a US company that it was expected of them not to be conducting that type business dealings with another country f the home country is not pleased with such an operation. Colgate did not care what the black or white Americans public thought or how they felt while promoting Darkie they had no problems, all they were looking at was the millions of dollars on the balance sheet. At the end of the day, there was no remorse or guilty feelings; it was just business as usua l for them. This type of action reflects total unethical behavior on the part of Colgate. In order for Colgate to enter the Asian market it had to first develop a plan of action or strategy. Strategic management is the process of determining the organization’s basic goals and objectives and setting out a plan of action to attain them. In this case Hawley and Hazel had dominated the Asian market for years with their Darkie product. The only chance Colgate saw of getting into this huge market without having to set up a production plant of its own was to go into a 50% partnership with Hawley and Hazel. The agreement of this deal was that Colgate was to have no managerial say in the decisions of the partnership. This was the strategy that Colgate took in order to gain access into the Asian market seeing that Darkie was so popular. All Colgate was focusing on was on market presence and money; it did not faze them that did not have a voice in the deal. That is why when thing took a nose dive they could not say a word and it took three years and tons of money to rectify the problems that they faced. In order for Colgate to handle the circumstance that arose, managerial privileges were the key. For Colgate the Asian market was the only driving force. If they had only kept their eyes on the true prize which are good reputation and customer loyalty and made sure that they had managerial rights it would have saved them many troubles. As a big company Colgate, should have made an attempt to enforce some kind of pressure on Hawley and Hazel to change the logo. Instead of just sitting back and saying we have no managerial power. With all that was going on with Colgate one would probably ask, why didn’t Colgate and Hawley and Hazel just change the advertising logo? The answer to this question comes in two parts. The first is the effects of brand name and the loyalty that is affiliated with that brand. A brand exhibits the special relationship and connection we forge with a product or service. Darkie had a brand name in the Asian market that the customers loved. The advertisement which portrayed a black man’s white teeth generated millions in sales. Once a company has a well established brand name, it is very difficult to change. Customers put their loyalty in brand names and if these names change for any reasons, customers might feel cheated and even abandon the brand. That is why it is very risky for any business or partnership venture to change advertising with out losing customers. Remember that advertising is the method by which the information about products is being circulated into the market place. The Darkie logo advertisement was the driving force behind the product and the customers had a special feeling towards it. Any drastic or even simple change might have created sway in their minds resulting in market loss, and no company wants to lose market share. This is why Colgate and Hawley and Hazel did nothing to change to the ad, and I think it was the possible reason why Colgate did not respond to the domestic complaints. In the end I think without a reasonable doubt that managerial rights played a huge role in this case. If Colgate had it I think it would have been able to handle the negative pressures better. Furthermore I think Colgate as the huge business that it is, was supposed to just take the bull by the horns and launch into the Asian market. Darkie might have been the dominate player in the Asian market but I think that Colgate had what it take to compete. I think also that if they had made the detailed analysis which they were known for and remained focus on the local cultural differences, eventually they would have became number one in the Asian market. Bibliography Colgate world of care. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/LivingOurValues/CoreValues.cvsp

Carol Ann Duffy’s poetry Essay

‘Delilah’ by Carol Ann Duffy has an undeniably sexual element running throughout – an element which is highlighted by its suggestive language and presentation of gender roles between the characters ‘Samson’ and ‘Delilah’. Many of Duffy’s poems have a similar element running through them such as in ‘Salome’, ‘Little Red Riding Cap’ and ‘Pygmalion’s Bride’ therefore it can be said that her poetry is mainly concerned with the politics of sex. However, Carol Ann Duffy states in an interview in 2005 that ‘Delilah’ is not about sex but is a love poem exploring the nature of Samson’s wish to become ‘gentle’, ‘loving’ and ‘tender’. This would therefore suggest that the main concern of the poem is more to do with love, power and gender. There are several references to sex throughout the poem, however the most direct reference comes in the fourth stanza where Samson ‘fucks’ Delilah. This is in stark contrast to his request in the third stanza only three lines above of wanting to learn how to ‘care’, or ‘be gentle or loving or tender†. Despite wanting to become gentle, Samson ‘fucks’ Delilah rather than ‘makes love’ to her, implying that his wish was only a half-hearted one i.e. a wish he only makes but not something he would act upon. ‘He fuck(s her) again’ further shows this is not the first time Delilah has been ‘fucked’ suggesting a repetitive nature of this act. Furthermore, Delilah allows herself to be ‘fucked’ – through Delilah’s submission, Duffy could be making a statement that women can not break free from this subordinate role in sex. Samson’s language is also sexually suggestive, possibly implying that a man can not have his libido driven out of him regardless of the situation. For example, in the second stanza Samson is boasting about his achievements which demonstrate his strength and fearlessness, however he is distracted by a sexually suggestive note, telling Delilah to ‘put your hand here -‘. This continues in the third stanza; he asks for a cure for his inability to be gentle and in the following line proceeds to ‘fuck’ her as though he believes the cure is in ‘fucking’ her. The situation – Samson opening up to Delilah about something personal- would usually be assumed to be free from anything conjuring violence however Samson ‘fucks’ her anyway suggesting that regardless of the time or place, sex is something which remains rampant in a man’s mind. On the other hand, it could be said that rather than sex, the main concern of the poem is with power distribution in this relationship. Whilst many would argue that Delilah was dominated by Samson in the poem due to the sex, in the end Delilah cut Samson’s hair which biblically represented the demise of his strength. Cutting his hair in the poem may be symbolic of her dominating Samson as she has successfully seduced him and at his most vulnerable (during slumber) she has taken away his strength. This is also in sync with the biblical story in which Delilah disarms Samson and gives him up to the Philistines, ultimately dominating him. Sex is only a way by which Samson is pacified after which he goes to sleep and becomes ‘soft’, thus vulnerable. Furthermore, Delilah cuts Samson’s hair with ‘deliberate, passionate hands’ suggesting she enjoyed disarming him and stealing his power away from him. This is a reversal of the typical gender roles in literature and Delilah’s ‘passionate hands’ may be showing that Delilah enjoyed this. Furthermore, the idea that Delilah had to pacify Samson through sex suggests an element of power on Delilah’s side as sex was a method through which she satisfied Samson and put him to sleep, leaving him vulnerable. Duffy may be making a statement through this that women can use their sexuality as a weapon to weaken men and thus overpower them. This interpretation is concerned with both sexual politics and power distribution demonstrating that Duffy’s poetry is not only concerned with the politics of sex.

Detective writers Essay

The dim-witted police (inspector Raglan) acted as Poirot’s sidekick. Inspector Raglan is the traditional dim-witted policeman who comes up with bad suggestions, however he is also Poirot’s right hand man. When Inspector Raglan was out of sight, Poirot claimed, â€Å"†¦that stupid inspector- for he is stupid-has everything pointing his way†. Poirot is saying that he is to stupid to see the evidence that is right in front of him and it shows you his dim-wittedness. M. Poirot had asked the inspector if he had checked all the evidence carefully, but when he was asked if he had overlooked â€Å"the quick or the dead† â€Å"The inspector looked bewildered† as if he was too stupid to understand.  Poirot had also asked if he had overlooked the fingerprints on the dagger, He had then mocked inspector Raglan by exclaiming, â€Å"It is an easy matter to verify†.  Poirot, the superior detective had come across a lot of evidence during the story, however the evidence was faulty and Poirot was intelligent enough to figure this out. During his inspection around Roger Ackroyd’s room, Poirot was told that the Grandfather chair had been moved since the departure of parker’s stay in the room, The doctor said it wasn’t important, however Poirot replied â€Å"It is completely unimportant†¦That is why it is so interesting†. Here Poirot is showing us his superior judgement. When Poirot was examining the body he was very observant and he automatically knew Mr Ackroyd did not commit suicide because of the positioning of Ackroyd’s hand, â€Å"the position of the prints was somewhat awkward†.  Poirot was the only one to spot that Mr Ackroyd was dictating a letter when Mr Raymond overheard him. Poirot knew he was dictated it from how he read it out, â€Å"Would any man use such a phrase in talking to another?† This shows us that Poirot has excellent observational skills and his intelligence. It was very surprising to know that it was Doctor Shepard who committed the murder because he seemed genuine, however it was more surprising to know that it was the murderer who was the narrator, that was a huge shock. Christie had gave us a very exciting twist which didn’t follow the traditional detective story, but gave us a very interesting ending. I think that this technique adds to the excitement of the story and also intrigues the reader much more. The surprise is that the trustworthy narrator is the murderer, you automatically assume he or she is the trustworthy distant bystander. The murder was set in King’s Abbot, a village â€Å"†¦very much like any other village†. The setting was a very unexpected place for a murder, there was nothing sinister about it, so it would be a very unusual place to have a murder, however it did intrigue the reader to know whom the murdering villager was. Although the setting seemed innocent Mr Roger Ackroyd seemed different. Poirot describes the average villager of being â€Å"a country squire† however he describes Mr Ackroyd of being â€Å"†¦an immensely successful†, a contrast between the average countryman and Mr Ackroyd. From reading ‘The Orient express’ and ‘the blue carbuncle’ you notice a huge contrast in the way the author presents his characters. When reading one of Agatha Christie’s novels you find out all the characters background information where as when you’re reading a Sir Doyle novel the back ground information is limited only if The superior detective decides to concentrate on a particular character.  Agatha Christie’s method had influenced other up and coming writers. Ruth Rendell is a more recent novelist who has manipulated detective Fiction, however she has kept the certain methods of what Agatha Christie had once used. ‘Burning End’ was very unusual to my detective genre perceptions. The story had felt peculiar to how I would perceive a detective fiction. I would perceive a detective story to contain Traditional elements, where as this one doesn’t even contain a detective. The story was a mystery, where by the reader was psychologically presuming whom the murderer was at the end of the story. It was basically an open ending for the reader to ponder upon. The story had contained a few traditional elements but not as you would assume their to be. The elements found were the perfect crime, the wrongly accused suspect, the surprise ending and the dim-witted police. Each one seems very doubtful because of the open ending, however passages in the story have made the situation controversial. The crime committed that we know no perfect to or any truth to have believed the matter to be insufficient, however if beliefs were told you would assume Linda to have committed the offence. Linda seemed very caring and had worried about the welfare of Betty. She would be her personal servant, however Betty had never shown any affection or appreciation to Linda’s hard working generosity, for example Betty’s son asks her â€Å"to come and live with them at the farm. Betty responded very differently from when she asked her†. This might have provoked Linda into uncaring motives. During the death the house that Betty was living in had naturally or unnaturally caught on fire while Betty was present. Ms Rendell gives suggestions on how it set on fire, however the likeliest possibility was that the Linda had intentionally new the house was going to be caught on fire and Linda would of used it as an attempt to dispose of Betty for her ungratefulness. Linda had discovered an unpredictable way of causing fire and found it quite astonishing. She discovered this method by noticing the paper near the vase had caught on fire, to her amazement she believed the vase had began a magnifying effect when exposed to sunlight, causing the paper to be magnified, in result to a fire. Linda had intended to move the vase for safety hazards, however Linda had felt hesitation, â€Å"It was a strange feeling she had†¦she would somehow have closed a door or missed a chance†. Linda doesn’t give reference to what she had missed a chance on, but the only explanation the reader can think of is that she has missed a chance on killing Betty in such an accidental way that to Linda it was the perfect crime. Then again it may not have been Linda. The wrongly accused might have been the doctor or even Linda. No one was literally accused, however the reader would have been suspicious on particular characters. The Doctor is the most controversial of my suspects, his remarks and attitude seem to emphasize that Betty should die early with her family â€Å"†¦best for the old folks to end their days at home whenever possible.† He seems to clarify that he wants her to die soon and â€Å"He made no comment on the cigarette† where as most doctors try to keep the patient healthy, this doctor doesn’t mind the usage of cigarette smoke around her as long as it speeds up the process. Near the end the doctor believes he had killed her, he claimed it was an accident, however if it was murder or manslaughter he didn’t feel any remorse. â€Å"I don’t feel a scrap of guilt, accidents will happen and there’s nothing you can do about it†. Any other sincere human being would have felt guilty if they knew they had caused a death, it seemed as if he intentialy left the cigarette their to cause the death. Although The Burning End doesn’t contain any dim-witted police, the story still contains a sense of dim wittedness. Like Agatha Christie, Ruth Rendell uses her dim witted police role in her characters. While Brian and Michael are suggesting why Linda is miserable, they come across the fact that she feels guilty. However they don’t realise she is upset because she might have literally killed Betty. Brian and Michael knew Linda was feeling guilty but they never took it into consideration that Linda could of caused the fire. The brothers are too dim witted to see that Linda was feeling guilty over the fact that Linda may have caused the death. Michael suggests that its â€Å"guilt† that is making Linda miserable. Brian responds to Michael’s theory by blasting back â€Å"What’s she got to be guilty about? She couldn’t have done more if she’d been Mum’s own daughter.'† This would of made the crime even more perfect if it was L inda. Detective Fiction has been changed and manipulated over the past century, from Sir Doyle to Ruth Rendell. Detective Fiction has changed with time and time has changed with Detective fiction. Since Sir Doyle detective fiction has introduced new excitements and has gradually manipulated the readers thoughts. Detective stories have changed so much, from having the superior detective as the centre point to having no detective at all. Agatha Christie was the one, who began manipulating Detective Fiction, although she had made a few adjustments, she still kept the concept. Agatha intended to use the ideas of past detective writers and present them in her own way  Ruth Rendell the most recent Detective writer of my studies is a prime example of how Detective fiction has changed. Ruth stories are in contrast with Sir Doyle’s because Ruth uses the ideas and manipulations of the recent Detective writers (Agatha Christie) and recapitulates them to create new means of excitement. This is an example of how Detective fiction has changed and will proceed in the future.

Criminal Justice - Trayvon Martin Poll Finds Stark Racial Divide Case Study

Criminal Justice - Trayvon Martin Poll Finds Stark Racial Divide - Case Study Example In the recent polls, not less than 55 per cent of all Americans are in the view that minorities, as well as blacks, receive unequal treatment in the criminal justice system. In as much as whites remain undecided on the issue, it is vivid that the whites are of the same view that blacks do not get fair treatment. This is from the statistics that half of white Americans believe in the fact that African Americans do not get fair treatment. Gorge Zimmerman who was not jailed for the murder bases all the above arguments on the fatal shooting of Trayvon (Thompson & Cohen, 2012). The criminal justice system of America, therefore, causes grapple among people causing the looming racial divide experienced in the region. In the count of ten blacks, eight out of the total, claim Trayvon murder unjustified, in addition, not dealt with appropriately. This is statistics, which is compared, with the 38 per cent support from the white people population reveal that each race purports its own. From the data collection on the common, stand your ground law, it is clear that not all is well. This is because as the blacks oppose the law, which discriminates against them, the whites continue to encourage it. This shows the enmity and hatred developing between the two races a factor, which if not solved can cause diverse effects on the general outlook of the American criminal system. In as much as current events try to shape the criminal justice system as proposed by Dennis Parker, more emphasis is still needed in order to create reforms in the sector which gets worsened by racial discrimination (Thompson & Cohen, 2012). According to Parker, publication of racial discrimination occurrences, instigate the widening gap. He, therefore, proposed limited use of the media in covering such cases a factor that can help in revitalizing the whole justice system. In my view, blaming the media is like an escape goat to the non-human activity where a teen gets killed, and no conclusive investigation can be done to punish the people responsible.

Case 93,Electro Technology Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

93,Electro Technology - Case Study Example The present value of the cash flows could then be calculated. Benefits of using this method are that it takes into account the growth potential of the business. The assessment obtained is also based on timing and size of cash flows and risks involved. They directly relate to the debt servicing ability of the firm and hence the amount that should be lent by the bank. The shortcoming of using this method is that it is grounded on expectations on productivity, threats and market circumstances. The extreme hypothesis is that the workshop test could be altered to a mass plant engineering process. From the data offered, there is no material on how statistics on the balance sheet or the discount rate were arrived at or rules behind the figures. A liquidation value could be obtained from these assets and used in deciding the amount of the loan. This curtails the risk for the bank as very few assumptions are made. It also avoids the difficulty and risks in including a value for intangibles (Brigham and Daves, 2010). The drawback of using this method is that it disregards the growth potential of the firm. The key value of Electro-Technology Corporations is the potential of capitalisation of its patented rights. The tactic here involves adjusting the book values for market values for all assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. Intangible assets not included in the balance sheet are added onto the net market value to obtain the adjusted tangible book value (Brigham and Daves, 2010). This may give a fairer value of the companys worth. In addition, it includes intangibles such as patent, which is a significant component of Electro-Technology Corporation assets. The drawback of this process is that intangibles are hard to value. The value of the patent that Electro-Technology Corporation owns lies in its contribution to the firms growth potential. However, there is great subjectivity involved in valuing the patent. The adjusted tangible

Politicization of the Civil Service Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politicization of the Civil Service - Article Example Rouban makes interesting points that do serve to illuminate the problems inherent in a system in which all laws and institutions serve a political agenda to one degree or another. Where the article succeeds best is in showing that not all bureaucracies are the same and that the definition of a civil servant varies from one country to another. As a result, the most fascinating aspect of the article may be that it enlightens one to the shifting values of political import to be found in a country's social and cultural aspects. The idea that educators might be subject to political pressure in following their career path is especially frightening. This article furthers the ideas of Wilsonian separation of politics from administration while also adhering to Weber's theories on hierarchical assumptions. The problems that must be faced is that while Weber is correct in advocating the theoretical ideals of impersonal organization, ultimately the truth must be faced that everything carries a political component.

Production Possibility Frontier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production Possibility Frontier - Essay Example As indicated on the chart above, points A, B, and C represent the points at which production of Good A and Good B is most efficient. Point X demonstrates the point at which resources are not being used efficiently in the production of both goods, and point Y demonstrates an output that is not attainable with the given inputs (Investopedia, 2000) Production Possibility Frontier assumes that all possibilities are fixed, however over time it may shift in or out depending on the economic situation. Economic growth pertaining to discovery of new resources, improvement of technology, and capital accumulation results to outward shift. On the other hand, inward shift may occur when there is a decrease in supplies and production possibility or deficient technology and resources. Inward shift indicates that the economy is shrinking. In that sense, any burden in the economy such as unemployment, destruction of capital goods, and disturbance in people's lives may lead to such shift. For example, the 1973 oil crisis shocked the Japanese economy which was heavily depended on oil, thereby shifting Japan's PPF inward (Post war). Post war has caused great deal of damage, human and physical capital wise, of which had decreased the production possibility. A PPF is normally drawn as concave to the origin because the extra output resulting from allocating more resources to one particular good

Luciano Berio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Luciano Berio - Essay Example Together, they form the image of the young, mid-century composer, who is far cry from being introverted, "ivory-towered artist" stereotype. Berio was born in Oneglia, a small town in Northern Italy, where both his father and grandfather were church organists and composers. After preliminary study with them he entered Milan Conservatory specializing in piano, conducting and composition. In 1951scholarship took him to Berkshire Center at Tanglewood Massachusetts where he studiedwith Luigi Dallapicolla, who taught there that summer. In 1953, he attended the Darmstadt Summer School and met Stockhausen and Boulez, and learned about their musical interests. His totally-controlled Nines (1955) already described, reflects this trend. In 1960s Berio wroteseries of solopieces for flute, harp, solo voice, piano and trombone called Sequenza. In each discovers and exploits new sounds from the instruments. The Sequenza for trombone is particularly interesting in its absolutely new sounds; somecombination of the trombonist's singing or humming while he plays, as a result of blowing through the instrument without embouchure, others by tapping the side of the instrument. The Sequenza for voice also calls for sounds emanating from the throat. These pieces show Berio's interest in enriching timbral resources. They call for a new kind of virtuosity that goes far beyond conventional standards. The most ambiti The most ambitious and successful of Berio's works to date is Sinfonia (1968), written for eight voices (The Single Sisters) and orchestra, combined in that close connection -voices sounding like instruments and instruments sounding like voices- already found in Circles. In no sense a conventional symphony, the word Sinfonia is used in its original; meaning of "sounding together". Sinfonia is in four movements. The first is dominated by voices, speaking and humming, occasionally punctuated by crashing orchestral sonorities. The texts, spoken in stuttering manner, are from Le Cru et le Cuit, a study of Brazilian folklore by Claude Levi-Strauss, the French anthropologist. It is slow moving and carefully articulated between the vocal and instrumental sections. It is obviously planned and purposeful and is therefore unlike Stockhausen's Hymnen where there is little if any causal relationship between parts. The second movement is a tribute to the memory of Martin Luther King; the vocal parts consist of nothing more than the chanting of his name. The movement is elegiac and bell-like timbre and melodic outline. Instruments and voices are so interwoven in long, sustained unisons that it is difficult to distinguish between them. The third movement is the longest and most original. It is based on the third movement of Mahler's Second Symphony which is played as a more or less constant "background" but there are also references to Bach, Schoenberg, and Debussy, Strauss, Ravel, Brahms, Boulez, Stockhausen and others. In the foreground one hears snatches of a Beckett play and student slogans from recent confrontations. It is an amazing dreamlike jumbling together of sound images from the past and the present, reminding free associations of James Joyce's Ulysses or Finnegan's Wake, where different languages and dictions are brought together in a time-destroying present. Berio speaks of the movement as a documentary of an objet trouve (the Mahler movement), recorded in the mind of the listener. As a structural point of reference, Mahler is the